Development of high performance alloys

The development of high-performance alloys combines thermodynamic calculations with the experimental approach. Current research effort of the High Performance Alloys group are focused around the following materials systems:

• Ni-based Superalloys
• Iron-Aluminides and Ferritic Superalloys
• Titanium-Aluminides
• Multi-Principle-Element Alloys
• High Entropy Alloys
• Shape-Memory Alloys

• Feng L., Shi R., Zenk C., Mills MJ., Wang Y.:
  Phase field modeling of shearing processes of a dual-lobed γ″|γ′|γ″ coprecipitate
  In: Acta Materialia 246 (2023), Article No.: 118693
  ISSN: 1359-6454
  DOI: 10.1016/j.actamat.2023.118693
• Morales LA., Bezold A., Förner A., Holz H., Merle B., Neumeier S., Körner C., Zenk C.:
  Influence of Cu Addition and Microstructural Configuration on the Creep Resistance and Mechanical Properties of an Fe-Based alpha/alpha '/alpha '' Superalloy
  In: Advanced Engineering Materials (2023)
  ISSN: 1438-1656
  DOI: 10.1002/adem.202201652
• Hagen S., Haußmann L., Wahlmann B., Gebhardt F., Abu-Khousa B., Weiser M., Neumeier S., Zenk C., Virtanen S.:
  Influence of the W and Ta content on the High-Temperature Oxidation Resistance of Multinary Co/Ni-Based Superalloys at 1050 °C and 1150 °C
  In: High Temperature Corrosion of Materials (2023)
  ISSN: 2731-8397
  DOI: 10.1007/s11085-023-10183-1
• Luo N., Huber F., Ciftci N., Wahl L., Bezold A., Neumeier S., Uhlenwinkel V., Travitzky N., Schmidt M., Zenk C., Körner C.:
  Laser powder bed fusion of FeCoBSiNb-Cu bulk metallic glass composites: Processing, microstructure and mechanical properties
  In: Materials Science and Engineering A-Structural Materials Properties Microstructure and Processing 849 (2022), Article No.: 143405
  ISSN: 0921-5093
  DOI: 10.1016/j.msea.2022.143405
• Morales Victoria L., Luo N., Li K., Zenk C., Körner C.:
  On stabilizing an α/α′/α″ microstructure in ferritic superalloys
  In: Journal of Alloys and Compounds 911 (2022), Article No.: 164996
  ISSN: 0925-8388
  DOI: 10.1016/j.jallcom.2022.164996
• Luo N., Galgon F., Krauß S., Morales LA., Merle B., Zenk C., Körner C.:
  Microstructural evolution and mechanical properties in Zr–Cu–Al–Nb bulk metallic glass composites prepared by laser metal deposition
  In: Intermetallics 140 (2022), Article No.: 107393
  ISSN: 0966-9795
  DOI: 10.1016/j.intermet.2021.107393
• Luo N.:
  Laser-based additive manufacturing of bulk metallic glass-forming alloys: Processing, microstructure and properties (Dissertation, 2022)
• Gaag T., Ritter N., Peters A., Volz N., Gruber D., Neumeier S., Zenk C., Körner C.:
  Improving the Effectiveness of the Solid-Solution-Strengthening Elements Mo, Re, Ru and W in Single-Crystalline Nickel-Based Superalloys
  In: Metals 11 (2021), Article No.: 1707
  ISSN: 2075-4701
  DOI: 10.3390/met11111707
• Ritter N.:
  Bedeutung der Mischkristallhärter für die Kriechbeständigkeit Re-freier Nickelbasis-Einkristall-Legierungen (Dissertation, 2021)
• Luo N., Scheitler CJ., Ciftci N., Galgon F., Fu Z., Uhlenwinkel V., Schmidt M., Körner C.:
  Preparation of Fe-Co-B-Si-Nb bulk metallic glasses by laser powder bed fusion: Microstructure and properties
  In: Materials Characterization 162 (2020), Article No.: 110206
  ISSN: 1044-5803
  DOI: 10.1016/j.matchar.2020.110206
• Zenk C., Volz N., Zenk C., Felfer P., Neumeier S.:
  Impact of the Co/Ni-Ratio on Microstructure, Thermophysical Properties and Creep Performance of Multi-Component γ′-Strengthened Superalloys
  In: Crystals 10 (2020), p. 1058
  ISSN: 2073-4352
  DOI: 10.3390/cryst10111058
• Horst OM., Ibrahimkhel S., Streitberger J., Wochmjakow N., Git P., Scholz F., Thome P., Singer R., Körner C., Frenzel J.,  Eggeler G.:
  On the Influence of Alloy Composition on Creep Behavior of Ni-Based Single-Crystal Superalloys (SXs)
  14th International Symposium on Superalloys, Superalloys 2021 (Seven Springs, PA, 12. September 2021 - 16. September 2021)
  In: Sammy Tin, Mark Hardy, Justin Clews, Jonathan Cormier, Qiang Feng, John Marcin, Chris O'Brien, Akane Suzuki (ed.): Minerals, Metals and Materials Series 2020
  DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-51834-9_6
• Müller A., Sprenger M., Ritter N., Rettig R., Markl M., Körner C., Singer R.:
  MultOpt++: a fast regression-based model for the constraint violation fraction due to composition uncertainties
  In: Modelling and Simulation in Materials Science and Engineering 27 (2019)
  ISSN: 0965-0393
  DOI: 10.1088/1361-651X/aaf01e
• Müller A., Roslyakova I., Sprenger M., Git P., Rettig R., Markl M., Körner C., Singer R.:
  MultOpt++: a fast regression-based model for the development of compositions with high robustness against scatter of element concentrations
  In: Modelling and Simulation in Materials Science and Engineering 27 (2019)
  ISSN: 0965-0393
  DOI: 10.1088/1361-651X/aaf0b8
• Ritter N., Sowa R., Schauer JC., Gruber D., Göhler T., Rettig R., Körner C., Singer R.:
  Effects of Solid Solution Strengthening Elements Mo, Re, Ru, and W on Transition Temperatures in Nickel-Based Superalloys with High γ′-Volume Fraction: Comparison of Experiment and CALPHAD Calculations
  In: Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A-Physical Metallurgy and Materials Science (2018)
  ISSN: 1073-5623
  DOI: 10.1007/s11661-018-4730-0
• Ritter N., Schesler E., Müller A., Rettig R., Körner C., Singer R.:
  On the Influence of Ta and Ti on Heat-Treatability and γ/γ'-Partitioning of High W Containing Re-Free Nickel-Based Superalloys
  In: Advanced Engineering Materials (2017)
  ISSN: 1438-1656
  DOI: 10.1002/adem.201700150
• Pröbstle M., Neumeier S., Feldner P., Rettig R., Helmer H., Singer R., Göken M.:
  Improved creep strength of nickel-base superalloys by optimized γ/γ′ partitioning behavior of solid solution strengthening elements
  In: Materials Science and Engineering A-Structural Materials Properties Microstructure and Processing 676 (2016), p. 411-420
  ISSN: 0921-5093
  DOI: 10.1016/j.msea.2016.08.121
• Grodzki J., Hartmann N., Rettig R., Affeldt E., Singer R.:
  Effect of B, Zr, and C on Hot Tearing of a Directionally Solidified Nickel-Based Superalloy
  In: Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A-Physical Metallurgy and Materials Science 47 (2016), p. 2914-2926
  ISSN: 1073-5623
  DOI: 10.1007/s11661-016-3416-8
• Goehler T., Schwalbe C., Svoboda J., Affeldt E., Singer R.:
  Discussing the effect of gamma prime coarsening on high temperature low stress creep deformation with respect to the role of refractory elements
  13th International Symposium on Superalloys, SUPERALLOYS 2016 (Seven Springs, 11. September 2016 - 15. September 2016)
  In: M. Hardy, E. Huron, U. Glatzel, B. Griffin, B. Lewis, C. Rae, V. Seetharaman, S. Tin (ed.): Superalloys 2016: Proceedings of the 13th Intenational Symposium of Superalloys 2016
  DOI: 10.1002/9781119075646.ch70
• Rettig R., Matuszewski K., Müller A., Helmer H., Ritter N., Singer R.:
  Development of a low-density rhenium-free single crystal nickel-based superalloy by application of numerical multi-criteria optimization using thermodynamic calculations
  13th International Symposium on Superalloys, SUPERALLOYS 2016 (Seven Springs, 11. September 2016 - 15. September 2016)
  In: M. Hardy, E. Huron, U. Glatzel, B. Griffin, B. Lewis, C. Rae, V. Seetharaman, S. Tin (ed.): Superalloys 2016: Proceedings of the 13th Intenational Symposium of Superalloys 2016
  DOI: 10.1002/9781119075646.ch4
• Matuszewski K.:
  Precepetation of Topologically Close Packed Phases in Ni-base Superalloys - the Effect of Re and Ru (Dissertation, 2016)
• Göhler T.:
  Designkriterien für rheniumreduzierte Nickelbasis-Einkristalllegierungen: Identifikation und rechnergestützte Umsetzung (Dissertation, 2016)
• Matuszewski K., Rettig R., Matysiak H., Peng Z., Povstugar I., Choi P., Müller J., Raabe D., Spiecker E., Kurzydlowski KJ., Singer R.:
  Effect of ruthenium on the precipitation of topologically close packed phases in Ni-based superalloys of 3rd and 4th generation
  In: Acta Materialia 95 (2015), p. 274-283
  ISSN: 1359-6454
  DOI: 10.1016/j.actamat.2015.05.033
• Peng Z., Povstugar I., Matuszewski K., Rettig R., Singer R., Kostka A., Choi PP., Raabe D.:
  Effects of Ru on elemental partitioning and precipitation of topologically close-packed phases in Ni-based superalloys
  In: Scripta Materialia 101 (2015), p. 44-47
  ISSN: 1359-6462
  DOI: 10.1016/j.scriptamat.2015.01.014
• Matuszewski K., Müller A., Ritter N., Rettig R., Kurzydłowski K., Singer R.:
  On the Thermodynamics and Kinetics of TCP Phase Precipitation in Re- and Ru- Containing Ni-base Superalloys
  In: Advanced Engineering Materials 17 (2015), p. 1127-1133
  ISSN: 1438-1656
  DOI: 10.1002/adem.201500173
• Rettig R., Ritter N., Helmer H., Neumeier S., Singer R.:
  Single-crystal nickel-based superalloys developed by numerical multi-criteria optimization techniques: Design based on thermodynamic calculations and experimental validation
  In: Modelling and Simulation in Materials Science and Engineering 23 (2015), Article No.: 035004
  ISSN: 1361-651X
  DOI: 10.1088/0965-0393/23/3/035004
• Rettig R., Ritter N., Müller F., Franke M., Singer R.:
  Optimization of the Homogenization Heat Treatment of Nickel-Based Superalloys Based on Phase-Field Simulations: Numerical Methods and Experimental Validation
  In: Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A-Physical Metallurgy and Materials Science 46 (2015), p. 5842-5855
  ISSN: 1073-5623
  DOI: 10.1007/s11661-015-3130-y
• Rettig R., Singer R.:
  Fast interpolation algorithm for the calculation of thermodynamic property maps of microstructures
  In: Modelling and Simulation in Materials Science and Engineering 22 (2014), p. 1-19
  ISSN: 1361-651X
  DOI: 10.1088/0965-0393/22/8/085002
• Matuszewski K., Rettig R., Rasiński M., Kurzydlowski KJ., Singer R.:
  The Three-dimensional morphology of topologically close packed phases in a high rhenium containing nickel based superalloy
  In: Advanced Engineering Materials 16 (2014), p. 171-175
  ISSN: 1438-1656
  DOI: 10.1002/adem.201300198
• Matuszewski K., Rettig R., Singer R.:
  The effect of Ru on precipitation of topologically close packed phases in Re-containing Ni base superalloys: Quantitative FIB-SEM investigation and 3D image modeling
  2nd European Symposium on Superalloys and Their Applications, EUROSUPERALLOYS 2014 (Giens)
  DOI: 10.1051/matecconf/20141409001
• Franke M.:
  Auswirkungen der Legierungszusammensetzung auf die Morphologie und die Festigkeit des Dendritennetzwerkes bei der gerichteten Erstarrung von Nickelbasis-Superlegierungen (Dissertation, 2013)
• Heckl A., Cenanovic S., Göken M., Singer R.:
  Discontinuous precipitation and phase stability in Re- and Ru-containing nickel-base superalloys
  In: Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A-Physical Metallurgy and Materials Science 43 (2012), p. 10-19
  ISSN: 1073-5623
  DOI: 10.1007/s11661-011-0833-6
• Rettig R., Singer R.:
  Influence of Ruthenium on topologically closed packed phase precipitation in single-crystal Ni-based superalloys: numerical experiments and validation
  112th International Symposium on Superalloys, SUPERALLOYS 2012 (Seven Springs, 9. September 2012 - 13. September 2012)
  In: E. S. Huron, R. C. Reed, M. C. Hardy, M. J. Mills, R. E. Montero, P. Dolabella Portella, J. Telesman (ed.): Superalloys 2012: Proceedings of the 12th Intenational Symposium of Superalloys 2012
• Rettig R., Singer R.:
  Numerical modelling of precipitation of topologically close-packed phases in nickel-base superalloys
  In: Acta Materialia 59 (2011), p. 317-327
  ISSN: 1359-6454
  DOI: 10.1016/j.actamat.2010.09.035
• Heckl A., Rettig R., Singer R.:
  Creep rupture strength of Re and Ru containing experimental nickel-base superalloys
  In: Advanced Materials Research 278 (2011), p. 339-344
  ISSN: 1022-6680
  DOI: 10.4028/www.scientific.net/AMR.278.339
• Rettig R., Heckl A., Singer R.:
  Modeling of precipitation kinetics of TCP-phases in single crystal nickel-base superalloys
  In: Advanced Materials Research 278 (2011), p. 180-185
  ISSN: 1022-6680
  DOI: 10.4028/www.scientific.net/AMR.278.180
• Heckl A., Neumeier S., Cenanovic S., Göken M., Singer R.:
  Reasons for the enhanced phase stability of Ru-containing nickel-based superalloys
  In: Acta Materialia 59 (2011), p. 6563-6573
  ISSN: 1359-6454
  DOI: 10.1016/j.actamat.2011.07.002
• Heckl A., Neumeier S., Göken M., Singer R.:
  The effect of Re and Ru on γ/γ′ microstructure, γ-solid solution strengthening and creep strength in nickel-base superalloys
  In: Materials Science and Engineering A-Structural Materials Properties Microstructure and Processing 528 (2011), p. 3435-3444
  ISSN: 0921-5093
  DOI: 10.1016/j.msea.2011.01.023
• Rettig R., Steuer S., Singer R.:
  Diffusion of germanium in binary and multicomponent nickel alloys
  In: Journal of Phase Equilibria and Diffusion 32 (2011), p. 198-205
  ISSN: 1547-7037
  DOI: 10.1007/s11669-011-9853-6
• Heckl A.:
  Auswirkungen von Rhenium und Ruthenium auf die Mikrostruktur und Hochtemperaturfestigkeit von Nickel-Basis Superlegierungen unter Berücksichtigung der Phasenstabilität (Dissertation, 2011)
• Heckl A., Rettig R., Cenanovic S., Göken M., Singer R.:
  Investigation of the final stages of solidification and eutectic phase formation in Re and Ru containing nickel-base superalloys
  In: Journal of Crystal Growth 312 (2010), p. 2137-2144
  ISSN: 0022-0248
  DOI: 10.1016/j.jcrysgro.2010.03.041
• Heckl A., Rettig R., Singer R.:
  Solidification Characteristics and Segregation Behavior of Nickel-Base Superalloys in Dependence on Different Rhenium and Ruthenium Contents
  In: Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A-Physical Metallurgy and Materials Science 41A (2010), p. 202-211
  ISSN: 1073-5623
  DOI: 10.1007/s11661-009-0076-y
• Rettig R.:
  Mathematische Modellierung der Ausscheidung von Sprödphasen in komplexen rutheniumhaltigen Nickelbasis-Superlegierungen (Dissertation, 2010)
• Rettig R., Heckl A., Neumeier S., Pyczak F., Göken M., Singer R.:
  Verification of a commercial CALPHAD database for Re and Ru containing nickel-base superalloys
  In: Defect and Diffusion Forum 289-292 (2009), p. 101-108
  ISSN: 1012-0386
  DOI: 10.4028/www.scientific.net/DDF.289-292.101
• Volek A., Singer R., Bürgel R., Grossmann J., Wang Y.:
  Influence of topologically closed packed phase formation on creep rupture life of directionally solidified nickel-base superalloys
  In: Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A-Physical Metallurgy and Materials Science 37 (2006), p. 405-410
  ISSN: 1073-5623
  DOI: 10.1007/s11661-006-0011-4
• Volek A., Pyczak F., Singer R., Mughrabi H.:
  Partitioning of Re between γ and γ′ phase in nickel-base superalloys
  In: Scripta Materialia 52 (2005), p. 141-145
  ISSN: 1359-6462
  DOI: 10.1016/j.scriptamat.2004.09.013
• Volek A.:
  Erstarrungsmikrostruktur und Hochtemperatureigenschaften rheniumhaltiger, stängelkristalliner Nickel-Basis-Superlegierungen (Dissertation, 2002)
• Bürgel R., Grossmann J., Lüsebrink O., Mughrabi H., Pyczak F., Singer R., Volek A.:
  Development of a new alloy for directional solidification of large industrial gas turbine blades
  SUPERALLOYS 2004 - Tenth International Symposium on Superalloys (Champion, PA)
• Gaag T., Weidinger J., Bandorf J., Lux V., Wahlmann B., Neumeier S., Zenk C., Körner C.:
  Experimental Validation of Property Models and Databases for Computational Superalloy Design
  In: Advanced Engineering Materials (2024)
  ISSN: 1438-1656
  DOI: 10.1002/adem.202401051
• Kammermeier E., Weidinger J., Ionov I., Ramsperger M., Wahlmann B., Körner C., Zenk C.:
  Accelerating Alloy Development for Additive Manufacturing
  15th International Symposium on Superalloys, ISS 2024 (Pennsylvania, PA, 8. September 2024 - 12. September 2024)
  In: Jonathan Cormier, Ian Edmonds, Stephane Forsik, Paraskevas Kontis, Corey O’Connell, Timothy Smith, Akane Suzuki, Sammy Tin, Jian Zhang (ed.): Minerals, Metals and Materials Series 2024
  DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-63937-1_11
• Merle B., Walker CC., Zenk C., Pharr GM.:
  High strain rate persistence of the strength anomaly in the L12 intermetallic compound Ni3Si evidenced by nanoindentation testing
  In: Acta Materialia 284 (2025), Article No.: 120598
  ISSN: 1359-6454
  DOI: 10.1016/j.actamat.2024.120598
• Wang Q., Wang Z., Wang R., Knowles AJ., Zenk C., Song G., Lee C., Liaw PK., Wang T.:
  Mechanical behavior of BCC-superalloys
  In: Scripta Materialia (2025), Article No.: 116748
  ISSN: 1359-6462
  DOI: 10.1016/j.scriptamat.2025.116748
• Knowles AJ., Zenk C.:
  BCC-superalloys: Perspectives and challenges
  In: Scripta Materialia 267 (2025), Article No.: 116761
  ISSN: 1359-6462
  DOI: 10.1016/j.scriptamat.2025.116761
• Schliephake D., Ramdoss SR., Vikram RJ., Falcão G., Galgon F., Thota H., Hinrichs F., Zenk C., Kauffmann A., Eggeler Y., Suwas S., Schwaiger R., Heilmaier M.:
  Microstructure and mechanical properties of a laser-based directed energy deposited Mo-Si-Ti alloy
  In: Journal of Materials Science (2025)
  ISSN: 0022-2461
  DOI: 10.1007/s10853-025-11158-0
• Ma K., Cheng S., Ma X., Blackburn T., Knowles AJ., An K., Santisteban J., Sun F., Zenk C., Ferreirós PA.:
  Lattice misfit design and characterisation in BCC superalloys
  In: Scripta Materialia 267 (2025), Article No.: 116802
  ISSN: 1359-6462
  DOI: 10.1016/j.scriptamat.2025.116802
• Morales LÁ., Förner A., Bezold A., Neumeier S., Körner C., Zenk C.:
  Elemental partitioning, defect segregation, and Cu clustering in an Fe-based BCC superalloy
  In: Materials Characterization 230 (2025), Article No.: 115621
  ISSN: 1044-5803
  DOI: 10.1016/j.matchar.2025.115621